INFANT PTSD: PARENT-INFANT PSYCHOTHERAPY AND EMDR AS TWO POTENTIAL TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR INFANTS WITH TRAUMA
REFERENCE LIST
Adler-Tapia, R. and Settle, C. (2009). Evidence of the efficacy of EMDR with children and adolescents in individual psychotherapy: A review of the research published in peer-reviewed journals. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(4), pp.232–247. doi:https://doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.3.4.232.
Adler-Tapia, R. and Settle, C. (2017). EMDR and the art of psychotherapy with children: Infants to adolescents. 2nd ed. Springer Publishing Company.
AiMH UK Association for Infant Mental Health. (n.d.). AiMH UK: the Association for Infant Mental Health professionals. [online] Available at: https://aimh.uk/.
Ainsworth, M., Blehar, M., Waters, E. and Wall, S.N. (1978). Patterns of attachment : A psychological study of the strange situation. New York: Routlage.
Bail for Immigration Detainees (2020). Literature Review - Impact of Forced Separation on a Child. [online] Available at: http://hubble-live-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/biduk/redactor2_assets/files/1217/Literature_Review_-_Impact_of_Forced_Separation_on_a_Child.pdf [Accessed 18 Oct. 2024].
Baradon, T. (2005). The Practice of Psychoanalytic Parent-Infant Psychotherapy: Claiming the Baby. Routledge.
Baradon, T. ed., (2010). Relational trauma in infancy: psychoanalytic, attachment and neuropsychological contributions to parent-infant psychotherapy. Oxford: Taylor & Francis Group.
Barlow, J., Bennett, C., Midgley, N., Larkin, S.K. and Wei, Y. (2015). Parent-infant Psychotherapy for Improving Parental and Infant Mental Health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (1). doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd010534.pub2.
Bartels, L., Haag, A.-C., Keller, F., Storch, E.A., De Young, A., Salloum, A. and Landolt, M.A. (2022). Screening for PTSD and functional impairment in trauma-exposed young children: evaluation of alternative CBCL-PTSD subscales. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment , 44, pp.972–983. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-022-09985-5.
Berg, A. (2003). Beyond the dyad: Parent-infant psychotherapy in a multicultural society: reflections from a South African perspective. Infant Mental Health Journal, 24(3), pp.265–277. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.10055.
Bosquet Enlow, M., Egeland, B., Carlson, E., Blood, E. and Wright, R.J. (2014). Mother–infant attachment and the intergenerational transmission of posttraumatic stress disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 26(1), pp.41–65. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579413000515.
Bowlby, J. (1971). Attachment and loss. Volume 1, Attachment. Victoria: Penguin Books.
Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University (2016). From Best Practices to Breakthrough Impacts: A Science-Based Approach to Building a More Promising Future for Young Children and Families. [online] Available at: https://harvardcenter.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/From_Best_Practices_to_Breakthrough_Impacts-4.pdf [Accessed 25 Oct. 2024].
Children Act 1989.c.41 [online] Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1989/41/contents [Accessed 25 Oct. 2024].
Choi, K.R. and Graham-Bermann, S.A. (2018). Developmental considerations for assessment of trauma symptoms in preschoolers: a review of measures and diagnoses. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(11), pp.3427–3439. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1177-2.
Civilotti, C., Margola, D., Zaccagnino, M., Cussino, M., Callerame, C., Vicini, A. and Fernandez, I. (2021). Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing in child and adolescent psychology: A narrative review. Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry, 8, pp.95–109. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40501-021-00244-0.
DC: 0-5: Diagnostic Classification of Mental Health and Developmental Disorders of Infancy and Early Childhood. (2016). 5th ed. Washington, DC: Zero to Three.
Department for Education (2021). Statutory framework for the early years foundation stage: Setting the standards for learning, development, and care for children from birth to five. [online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/early-years-foundation-stage-framework--2 [Accessed 25 Oct. 2024].
Department for Education (2023). Children in need, Reporting year 2023. [online] explore-education-statistics.service.gov.uk. Available at: https://explore-education-statistics.service.gov.uk/find-statistics/characteristics-of-children-in-need/2023.
Department of Health and Social Care (2021). The Best Start for Life: A Vision for the 1,001 Critical Days. [online] Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/605c5e61d3bf7f2f0d94183a/The_best_start_for_life_a_vision_for_the_1_001_critical_days.pdf [Accessed 18 Oct. 2024].
Equality Act 2010.c.15 [online] Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/contents [Accessed 11 Oct. 2024].
First 1001 Days Movement (2024). A Manifesto for Babies. [online] Parent-Infant Foundation. Available at: https://parentinfantfoundation.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/F1001D-Manifesto-for-Babies-FINAL1.pdf [Accessed 18 Oct. 2024].
Fraiberg, S., Adelson, E. and Shapiro, V. (1975). Ghosts in the nursery: A psychoanalytic approach to the problems of impaired infant-mother relationships. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 14(3), pp.387–421.
Gomez, A.M. (2013). EMDR therapy and adjunct approaches with children: Complex trauma, attachment, and dissociation. New York, N.Y.: Springer Publishing Company.
Greenspan, S.I. and Wieder, S. (2006). Infant and Early Childhood Mental Health: A comprehensive developmental approach to assessment and intervention. Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
Hensel, T. (2009). EMDR with children and adolescents after single-incident trauma: An intervention study. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(1), pp.2–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.3.1.2.
John-Baptiste Bastien, R., Jongsma, H.E., Kabadayi, M. and Billings, J. (2020). The effectiveness of psychological interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder in children, adolescents and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 50(10), pp.1–15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291720002007.
Lempertz, D., Wichmann, M., Enderle, E., Stellermann-Strehlow, K., Pawils, S. and Metzner, F. (2020). Pre-post study to assess EMDR-based group therapy for traumatized refugee preschoolers. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 14(1), pp.31–45. doi:https://doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.14.1.31.
Lieberman, A.F. and Van Horn, P. (2011). Psychotherapy with infants and young children : repairing the effects of stress and trauma on early attachment. New York: Guilford Press.
Lovett, J. (2015). Trauma-attachment tangle: Modifying EMDR to help children resolve trauma and develop loving relationships. Routledge.
Manzoni, M., Fernandez, I., Bertella, S., Tizzoni, F., Gazzola, E., Molteni, M. and Nobile, M. (2021). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: The state of the art of efficacy in children and adolescent with post traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 282, pp.340–347. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.088.
Maté, G. and Maté, D. (2022). The myth of normal: Trauma, illness & healing in a toxic culture. Vermilion.
McLaughlin, K.A., Colich, N.L., Rodman, A.M. and Weissman, D.G. (2020). Mechanisms linking childhood trauma exposure and psychopathology: a transdiagnostic model of risk and resilience. BMC Medicine, [online] 18(1), pp.1–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-01561-6.
Mental Health Act 2007.c. 12 [online] Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2007/12/contents [Accessed 25 Oct. 2024].
Morris-Smith, J. and Silvestre, M. (2014). EMDR for the next generation: Healing children and families . 2nd ed. Academic Conferences and publishing limited.
NICE (2018). Recommendations | Post-traumatic stress disorder | Guidance | NICE. [online] Nice.org.uk. Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng116/chapter/Recommendations#management-of-ptsd-in-children-young-people-and-adults [Accessed 25 Mar. 2023].
Office for National Statistics (2023). Long-term international migration, provisional. [online] www.ons.gov.uk. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/internationalmigration/bulletins/longterminternationalmigrationprovisional/yearendingjune2023 [Accessed 18 Oct. 2024].
Parent-Infant Foundation (2020). Infant Mental Health Briefing for Commissioners. [online] Available at: https://parentinfantfoundation.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/PIF-NHSCC-Briefing-1.pdf.
Parent-Infant Foundation (2021). Infant Mental Health: Briefing for Commissioners. [online] Parent-Infant Foundation. Available at: https://parentinfantfoundation.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Foundation-IMH-Briefing-for-Commissioners.pdf [Accessed 18 Oct. 2024].
Piquero, A.R., Jennings, W.G., Jemison, E., Kaukinen, C. and Knaul, F.M. (2021). Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Criminal Justice, [online] 74(101806). doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2021.101806.
Sack, M., Zehl, S., Otti, A., Lahmann, C., Henningsen, P., Kruse, J. and Stingl, M. (2016). A Comparison of Dual Attention, Eye Movements, and Exposure Only during Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Results from a Randomized Clinical Trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 85(6), pp.357–365. doi:https://doi.org/10.1159/000447671.
Scheeringa, M.S. and Zeanah, C.H. (2001). A relational perspective on PTSD in early childhood. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14(4), pp.799–815. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1013002507972.
Shapiro, F. (1999). Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and the Anxiety Disorders: Clinical and Research Implications of an Integrated Psychotherapy Treatment. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13(1-2), pp.35–67.
Shapiro, F. (2018). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy: Basic principles, protocols, and procedures. New York: The Guilford Press.
Stern, D.N. (2019). The Motherhood Constellation: a unified view of parent-infant psychotherapy. Oxford: Taylor & Francis Group.
Swimm, L.L. (2018). EMDR Intervention for a 17-month-old child to treat attachment trauma: Clinical case presentation. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 12(4), pp.269–281. doi:https://doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.12.4.269.
UNICEF UK (2023). Understanding and Supporting Mental Health in Infancy and Early Childhood: A toolkit for professionals working with babies and young children. [online] unicef.org. Available at: https://www.unicef.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/04Z/UnderstandingAndSupportingMentalHealthInInfancyAndEarlyChildhood_ToolkitPDF_Final-1.pdf [Accessed 18 Oct. 2024].
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC).Treaty Series, 1577 [online] Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-rights-child [Accessed 25 Oct. 2024].
van der Kolk, B. (2014). The body keeps the score: Mind, brain and body in the transformation of trauma. London: Penguin Books.
Varapongsittikul, T. (2024). Feet Low, Head High: A Guide to Thai Etiquettes – Thailand Foundation. [online] www.thailandfoundation.or.th. Available at: https://www.thailandfoundation.or.th/culture_heritage/feet-low-head-high-a-guide-to-thai-etiquettes/.
Weems, C.F. and Neill, E.L. (2020). Empirically supported treatment options for children and adolescents with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Integrating network models and treatment components. Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry, 7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40501-020-00206-y.
Winnicott, D.W. (2005). Playing and reality. London ; New York: Routledge.
World Health Organization (2013). Guidelines for the management of conditions specifically related to stress. [online] Geneva: WHO. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/85119/9789241505406_eng.pdf [Accessed 25 Mar. 2023].
Yang, J. (2023). A&E: Emergency room attendance England by age 2022/23. [online] Statista. Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/408145/accident-and-emergency-attendances-by-age-in-england/.
Adler-Tapia, R. and Settle, C. (2017). EMDR and the art of psychotherapy with children: Infants to adolescents. 2nd ed. Springer Publishing Company.
AiMH UK Association for Infant Mental Health. (n.d.). AiMH UK: the Association for Infant Mental Health professionals. [online] Available at: https://aimh.uk/.
Ainsworth, M., Blehar, M., Waters, E. and Wall, S.N. (1978). Patterns of attachment : A psychological study of the strange situation. New York: Routlage.
Bail for Immigration Detainees (2020). Literature Review - Impact of Forced Separation on a Child. [online] Available at: http://hubble-live-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/biduk/redactor2_assets/files/1217/Literature_Review_-_Impact_of_Forced_Separation_on_a_Child.pdf [Accessed 18 Oct. 2024].
Baradon, T. (2005). The Practice of Psychoanalytic Parent-Infant Psychotherapy: Claiming the Baby. Routledge.
Baradon, T. ed., (2010). Relational trauma in infancy: psychoanalytic, attachment and neuropsychological contributions to parent-infant psychotherapy. Oxford: Taylor & Francis Group.
Barlow, J., Bennett, C., Midgley, N., Larkin, S.K. and Wei, Y. (2015). Parent-infant Psychotherapy for Improving Parental and Infant Mental Health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (1). doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd010534.pub2.
Bartels, L., Haag, A.-C., Keller, F., Storch, E.A., De Young, A., Salloum, A. and Landolt, M.A. (2022). Screening for PTSD and functional impairment in trauma-exposed young children: evaluation of alternative CBCL-PTSD subscales. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment , 44, pp.972–983. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-022-09985-5.
Berg, A. (2003). Beyond the dyad: Parent-infant psychotherapy in a multicultural society: reflections from a South African perspective. Infant Mental Health Journal, 24(3), pp.265–277. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.10055.
Bosquet Enlow, M., Egeland, B., Carlson, E., Blood, E. and Wright, R.J. (2014). Mother–infant attachment and the intergenerational transmission of posttraumatic stress disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 26(1), pp.41–65. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579413000515.
Bowlby, J. (1971). Attachment and loss. Volume 1, Attachment. Victoria: Penguin Books.
Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University (2016). From Best Practices to Breakthrough Impacts: A Science-Based Approach to Building a More Promising Future for Young Children and Families. [online] Available at: https://harvardcenter.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/From_Best_Practices_to_Breakthrough_Impacts-4.pdf [Accessed 25 Oct. 2024].
Children Act 1989.c.41 [online] Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1989/41/contents [Accessed 25 Oct. 2024].
Choi, K.R. and Graham-Bermann, S.A. (2018). Developmental considerations for assessment of trauma symptoms in preschoolers: a review of measures and diagnoses. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(11), pp.3427–3439. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1177-2.
Civilotti, C., Margola, D., Zaccagnino, M., Cussino, M., Callerame, C., Vicini, A. and Fernandez, I. (2021). Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing in child and adolescent psychology: A narrative review. Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry, 8, pp.95–109. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40501-021-00244-0.
DC: 0-5: Diagnostic Classification of Mental Health and Developmental Disorders of Infancy and Early Childhood. (2016). 5th ed. Washington, DC: Zero to Three.
Department for Education (2021). Statutory framework for the early years foundation stage: Setting the standards for learning, development, and care for children from birth to five. [online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/early-years-foundation-stage-framework--2 [Accessed 25 Oct. 2024].
Department for Education (2023). Children in need, Reporting year 2023. [online] explore-education-statistics.service.gov.uk. Available at: https://explore-education-statistics.service.gov.uk/find-statistics/characteristics-of-children-in-need/2023.
Department of Health and Social Care (2021). The Best Start for Life: A Vision for the 1,001 Critical Days. [online] Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/605c5e61d3bf7f2f0d94183a/The_best_start_for_life_a_vision_for_the_1_001_critical_days.pdf [Accessed 18 Oct. 2024].
Equality Act 2010.c.15 [online] Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/contents [Accessed 11 Oct. 2024].
First 1001 Days Movement (2024). A Manifesto for Babies. [online] Parent-Infant Foundation. Available at: https://parentinfantfoundation.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/F1001D-Manifesto-for-Babies-FINAL1.pdf [Accessed 18 Oct. 2024].
Fraiberg, S., Adelson, E. and Shapiro, V. (1975). Ghosts in the nursery: A psychoanalytic approach to the problems of impaired infant-mother relationships. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 14(3), pp.387–421.
Gomez, A.M. (2013). EMDR therapy and adjunct approaches with children: Complex trauma, attachment, and dissociation. New York, N.Y.: Springer Publishing Company.
Greenspan, S.I. and Wieder, S. (2006). Infant and Early Childhood Mental Health: A comprehensive developmental approach to assessment and intervention. Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
Hensel, T. (2009). EMDR with children and adolescents after single-incident trauma: An intervention study. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(1), pp.2–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.3.1.2.
John-Baptiste Bastien, R., Jongsma, H.E., Kabadayi, M. and Billings, J. (2020). The effectiveness of psychological interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder in children, adolescents and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 50(10), pp.1–15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291720002007.
Lempertz, D., Wichmann, M., Enderle, E., Stellermann-Strehlow, K., Pawils, S. and Metzner, F. (2020). Pre-post study to assess EMDR-based group therapy for traumatized refugee preschoolers. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 14(1), pp.31–45. doi:https://doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.14.1.31.
Lieberman, A.F. and Van Horn, P. (2011). Psychotherapy with infants and young children : repairing the effects of stress and trauma on early attachment. New York: Guilford Press.
Lovett, J. (2015). Trauma-attachment tangle: Modifying EMDR to help children resolve trauma and develop loving relationships. Routledge.
Manzoni, M., Fernandez, I., Bertella, S., Tizzoni, F., Gazzola, E., Molteni, M. and Nobile, M. (2021). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: The state of the art of efficacy in children and adolescent with post traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 282, pp.340–347. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.088.
Maté, G. and Maté, D. (2022). The myth of normal: Trauma, illness & healing in a toxic culture. Vermilion.
McLaughlin, K.A., Colich, N.L., Rodman, A.M. and Weissman, D.G. (2020). Mechanisms linking childhood trauma exposure and psychopathology: a transdiagnostic model of risk and resilience. BMC Medicine, [online] 18(1), pp.1–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-01561-6.
Mental Health Act 2007.c. 12 [online] Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2007/12/contents [Accessed 25 Oct. 2024].
Morris-Smith, J. and Silvestre, M. (2014). EMDR for the next generation: Healing children and families . 2nd ed. Academic Conferences and publishing limited.
NICE (2018). Recommendations | Post-traumatic stress disorder | Guidance | NICE. [online] Nice.org.uk. Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng116/chapter/Recommendations#management-of-ptsd-in-children-young-people-and-adults [Accessed 25 Mar. 2023].
Office for National Statistics (2023). Long-term international migration, provisional. [online] www.ons.gov.uk. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/internationalmigration/bulletins/longterminternationalmigrationprovisional/yearendingjune2023 [Accessed 18 Oct. 2024].
Parent-Infant Foundation (2020). Infant Mental Health Briefing for Commissioners. [online] Available at: https://parentinfantfoundation.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/PIF-NHSCC-Briefing-1.pdf.
Parent-Infant Foundation (2021). Infant Mental Health: Briefing for Commissioners. [online] Parent-Infant Foundation. Available at: https://parentinfantfoundation.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Foundation-IMH-Briefing-for-Commissioners.pdf [Accessed 18 Oct. 2024].
Piquero, A.R., Jennings, W.G., Jemison, E., Kaukinen, C. and Knaul, F.M. (2021). Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Criminal Justice, [online] 74(101806). doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2021.101806.
Sack, M., Zehl, S., Otti, A., Lahmann, C., Henningsen, P., Kruse, J. and Stingl, M. (2016). A Comparison of Dual Attention, Eye Movements, and Exposure Only during Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Results from a Randomized Clinical Trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 85(6), pp.357–365. doi:https://doi.org/10.1159/000447671.
Scheeringa, M.S. and Zeanah, C.H. (2001). A relational perspective on PTSD in early childhood. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14(4), pp.799–815. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1013002507972.
Shapiro, F. (1999). Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and the Anxiety Disorders: Clinical and Research Implications of an Integrated Psychotherapy Treatment. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13(1-2), pp.35–67.
Shapiro, F. (2018). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy: Basic principles, protocols, and procedures. New York: The Guilford Press.
Stern, D.N. (2019). The Motherhood Constellation: a unified view of parent-infant psychotherapy. Oxford: Taylor & Francis Group.
Swimm, L.L. (2018). EMDR Intervention for a 17-month-old child to treat attachment trauma: Clinical case presentation. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 12(4), pp.269–281. doi:https://doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.12.4.269.
UNICEF UK (2023). Understanding and Supporting Mental Health in Infancy and Early Childhood: A toolkit for professionals working with babies and young children. [online] unicef.org. Available at: https://www.unicef.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/04Z/UnderstandingAndSupportingMentalHealthInInfancyAndEarlyChildhood_ToolkitPDF_Final-1.pdf [Accessed 18 Oct. 2024].
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC).Treaty Series, 1577 [online] Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-rights-child [Accessed 25 Oct. 2024].
van der Kolk, B. (2014). The body keeps the score: Mind, brain and body in the transformation of trauma. London: Penguin Books.
Varapongsittikul, T. (2024). Feet Low, Head High: A Guide to Thai Etiquettes – Thailand Foundation. [online] www.thailandfoundation.or.th. Available at: https://www.thailandfoundation.or.th/culture_heritage/feet-low-head-high-a-guide-to-thai-etiquettes/.
Weems, C.F. and Neill, E.L. (2020). Empirically supported treatment options for children and adolescents with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Integrating network models and treatment components. Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry, 7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40501-020-00206-y.
Winnicott, D.W. (2005). Playing and reality. London ; New York: Routledge.
World Health Organization (2013). Guidelines for the management of conditions specifically related to stress. [online] Geneva: WHO. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/85119/9789241505406_eng.pdf [Accessed 25 Mar. 2023].
Yang, J. (2023). A&E: Emergency room attendance England by age 2022/23. [online] Statista. Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/408145/accident-and-emergency-attendances-by-age-in-england/.